Pantera Partner: Which DeFi Projects Have Real Revenue?

By: blockbeats|2025/01/10 08:15:02
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Original Title: DePin Case Studies
Original Author: Paul Veradittakit, Partner at Pantera Capital
Original Translator: Luffy, Foresight News

The Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network (DePIN) is the convergence of blockchain and infrastructure networks. Currently, DePIN exists in industries such as energy, telecommunications, storage, artificial intelligence, and data collection.

In the previous crypto cycle, many projects took advantage of the DePIN trend targeting market opportunities with significant potential. However, when the core product failed to gain enough traction on both the supply and demand sides, they turned to cryptocurrency tokenomics.

Nevertheless, among those surviving projects, many companies spent time building infrastructure. They achieved sustainable profitability by addressing existing issues, even without relying on the flywheel effect of tokenomics. Let's take a look at some of these cases.

Geodnet

Core Problem Solving

Traditional Global Positioning System (GPS) typically lacks the precision required for advanced applications, which demand centimeter-level accuracy rather than meter-level accuracy. Geodnet Network's solution has improved positioning accuracy by 100 times compared to traditional GPS technology.

Target Customers

Geodnet Network serves industries relying on high-precision geospatial data, including:

· Autonomous Vehicles

· Agriculture

· Smart Cities

· Defense and Security

· Space Exploration

Revenue Model

· Data Licensing: Selling geospatial data to commercial customers.

· Node Participation Fees: Fees related to miner installation and usage.

· Partnerships: Collaborating with industries such as agriculture and autonomous driving systems to integrate Geodnet Network services into existing workflows.

By 2024, Geodnet Network reported revenue growth of over 500% year-on-year, reaching $1.7 million.

Tokenomics

The Geodnet network utilizes the native token GEOD to incentivize participants:

· Miners earn tokens based on data contribution and network uptime.

· Burn Mechanism: Tokens are burned during data transactions, introducing a deflationary mechanism.

· Daily Earnings: The average daily earnings per miner are around $4.30, with an estimated payback period of 3 - 4 months.

· Circulation: Token distribution ensures liquidity while incentivizing early adopters.

· Token Utility: Used for payments, staking, and governance within the network.

Participation and Contribution Methods

1. Become a Miner:

· Purchase mining equipment (cost ranging from $500 - $700).

· Set up and connect the mining rig to the network, uploading 20 - 40GB of data monthly.

2. Use the Network:

· Access real-time kinematic (RTK) correction data through subscription or direct purchase.

3. Develop Applications:

· Build software for specific industries based on the Geodnet network data.

4. Governance:

· Participate in protocol governance by staking GEOD tokens and voting on proposals.

Helium

Core Problem Addressed

Traditional mobile network operators (e.g., T-Mobile) require significant capital expenditure to build towers, maintain infrastructure, and expand coverage. Helium addresses this issue by creating a decentralized wireless network that leverages community-owned hotspots to provide affordable, scalable, and resilient network connectivity for mobile and IoT devices.

Target Customers

· Consumers: Pay $20 per month to access unlimited data via Helium's decentralized network.

· Telecom Providers: Achieve WiFi offloading for major carriers, reducing their infrastructure costs.

· IoT Device Manufacturers: Provide connectivity for low-power IoT devices using the LoRaWAN protocol.

· Enterprise and Institution: Helping organizations deploy a dedicated wireless network for asset tracking, sensors, and environmental monitoring.

Revenue Model

The Helium network generates revenue through two main avenues:

1. Consumer-Facing Mobile Plans:

· Offering a $20 per month unlimited data plan where users can access both the Helium network hotspot and partner networks (such as T-Mobile) simultaneously.

2. Carrier Data Offloading Fee:

· Charging telecommunications providers $0.50 per GB to offload data through Helium network decentralized hotspots instead of traditional cell towers.

Financial Performance

· Subscribers: Over 100,000 direct subscribers and over 300,000 indirect WiFi offload users.

· Revenue: Generated seven-figure annualized revenue from mobile subscriptions and carrier offloading fees.

· Projection: With the expansion of carrier partnerships, estimated potential annual revenue from WiFi offloading alone could exceed $50 million.

Tokenomics

The HNT token of the Helium network is at the core of its incentive and payment structure:

· Earning Rewards: Hotspot operators earn HNT by providing coverage and transmitting data.

· Utility: The token is used for network transactions, paying for network services, and governance proposals.

· Burn Mechanism: HNT tokens are burned when used to pay for network services, reducing the supply.

Engagement and Contribution

1. Hotspot Deployment:

· Purchase and set up a Helium-compatible hotspot to provide network coverage and earn HNT rewards.

· Choose from 16 approved hardware types designed for IoT or mobile offloading.

2. Consumer Plans:

· Subscribe to the Helium network's $20 per month mobile plan to access affordable mobile data coverage.

3. Telco Partnership:

· Telecom providers can integrate with the Helium network to offload data traffic and reduce operating costs.

4. Governance and Staking:

· Staking HNT tokens to participate in network governance, propose suggestions, and vote on key upgrades.

Akash

Core Problem Addressed

The Akash Network aims to address the high costs, scalability limitations, and centralization issues of traditional cloud computing providers such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, etc. It does so by providing a decentralized cloud computing marketplace that allows users to leverage idle compute capacity to earn profits while reducing costs.

Target Customers

· AI Developers: Need high-performance GPUs for training and deploying machine learning models.

· Startups and Enterprises: Need cost-effective and scalable cloud computing to support data processing, storage, and AI-driven applications.

Revenue Model

The Akash Network generates revenue through:

· Marketplace Transaction Fees: Charging transaction fees for compute leasing and payments processed over the network.

· Compute Resource Leasing: Revenue share from GPU and CPU leasing for AI training and workloads.

· Developer Tools: Charging API integration and SDK licensing fees to developers using its compute infrastructure.

· Enterprise Partnerships: Collaborating with AI labs and decentralized platforms to expand compute capacity.

Financial Performance

· Annual Revenue: The Akash Network reported $2.5 million in revenue in 2024 from compute leasing and fees.

· Growth Rate: With the rise of AI, demand for GPU compute resources increased by 33x.

· Network Scale: Supporting over 400 GPUs.

Tokenomics

The Akash Network uses the AKT token for payments, governance, and incentives.

1. Purpose:

· Payment: Buyers use AKT tokens to purchase computing resources.

· Staking: Providers stake tokens to secure work opportunities and enhance reputation.

2. Incentives:

· Providers earn AKT tokens for supplying computing resources.

· Tokens are allocated based on uptime, performance, and task completion.

3. Governance:

· Token holders can propose upgrades and vote on protocol changes.

4. Burn Mechanism:

· Network fees are burned to reduce token supply.

Participation and Contribution Methods

1. As a Provider:

· Set up GPU, CPU, or storage servers on the Akash network.

· List resources, set prices, and start earning AKT tokens.

2. As a Consumer:

· Rent computing resources using the Akash network's web interface or command-line interface (CLI).

· Deploy AI training workloads, web services, and decentralized applications.

3. As a Developer:

· Access APIs and SDKs to integrate Akash network services into applications.

· Utilize GPU clusters for deep learning training or inference tasks.

4. Participation in Governance:

· Stake AKT tokens to vote on network upgrades and resource pricing policies.

Future Outlook

The above are just a few of the effective projects with sustainable revenue streams. In the coming months, DePIN's adoption will undoubtedly increase, giving rise to more sustainable, scalable, and profitable companies.

While the mentioned companies are consumer-facing, another area that excites me is infrastructure. Foundational blockchain, oracle services, smart contract services, middleware, token issuance services, and more—the sectors where these companies operate will benefit from the development of the DePIN project. Some examples include Solana, Peaq, Base, Story, Arweave, Opacity Network, and DeForm.

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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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